| WHERE | Filters rows based on a specified condition. | SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition_1; |
| AND | Combines multiple conditions in a WHERE clause, requiring all to be true. | SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition_1 AND condition_2; |
| OR | Combines multiple conditions in a WHERE clause, requiring at least one to be true. | SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition_1 OR condition_2; |
| LIMIT | Limits the number of rows returned by a query. | SELECT * FROM table_name LIMIT 10; |
| GROUP BY | Groups rows that have the same values into summary rows. | SELECT column_name, COUNT(*) FROM table_name GROUP BY column_name; |
| ORDER BY | Sorts the result set by specified columns (ASC or DESC). | SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name ASC|DESC; |
| COUNT | Counts the number of rows in a specified column or all rows. | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name; |
| AS | Aliases are used to rename a table or column in a SQL query result. | SELECT column_name AS alias_name FROM table_name; |
| INNER JOIN | Returns records that have matching values in both tables. | SELECT * FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name; |
| LEFT JOIN | Returns all records from the left table and the matched records from the right table. | SELECT * FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name; |
| RIGHT JOIN | Returns all records from the right table and the matched records from the left table. | SELECT * FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name; |
| FULL JOIN | Returns all records when there is a match in either left or right table. | SELECT * FROM table1 FULL JOIN table2 ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name; |